Association Analysis of the Extended MHC Region in Celiac Disease Implicates Multiple Independent Susceptibility Loci

Celiac disease is a common autoimmune disease caused by sensitivity to the dietary protein gluten. Forty loci have been implicated in the disease. All disease loci have been characterized as low-penetrance, with the exception of the high-risk genotypes in the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes, which are necessary but not sufficient to cause the disease. The very strong effects from the known HLA loci and the genetically complex nature of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have precluded a thorough investigation of the region. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that additional celiac disease loci exist within the extended MHC (xMHC). A set of 1898 SNPs was analyzed for association across the 7.6 Mb xMHC region in 1668 confirmed celiac disease cases and 517 unaffected controls. Conditional recursive partitioning was used to create an informative indicator of the known HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 high-risk genotypes that was included in the association analysis to account for their effects. A linkage disequilibrium-based grouping procedure was utilized to estimate the number of independent celiac disease loci present in the xMHC after accounting for the known effects. There was significant statistical evidence for four new independent celiac disease loci within the classic MHC region. This study is the first comprehensive association analysis of the xMHC in celiac disease that specifically accounts for the known HLA disease genotypes and the genetic complexity of the region

Mécanisme et cinétique de la réaction globale d'oxydation du naphtalène en milieu sulfate-disulfate fondu à 425°C et en présence de pentoxyde de vanadium

L'oxydation catalytique du naphtalène en milieu eutectique sulfate-disulfate de potassium fondu et en présence de pentoxyde de vanadium donne un mélange de produits organiques formé par de l'anhydride phtalique, de la naphtoquinone-1,4 et du naphtalène qui n'a pas réagi. L'analyse en ligne par chromatographie en phase gazeuse permet de donner des courbes décrivant les flux des composés organiques sortant du réacteur en fonction du temps. L'aspect de ces courbes suggère que l'anhydride phtalique est formé à la suite d'un processus à réactions consécutives en deux étapes dans lequel la naphtoquinone-1,4 joue le rôle d'intermédiaire. D'autres critères ont été pris en considération pour confirmer ce mécanisme.Une étude cinétique de chacune de ces deux étapes a montré qu'en premier lieu le naphtalène s'oxyde en naphtoquinone-1,4 selon une vitesse:[math]En seconde étape la naphtoquinone-1,4 s'oxyde en anhydride phtalique selon une vitesse:[math]Ces vitesses exprimées en fonction des flux (F) montrent que la naphtoquinone-1,4 a une réactivité plus grande que le naphtalène

Three Levels of Ethical Influences on Selling Behavior and Performance: Synergies and Tensions

In general, the business ethics literature has treated the conceptual domains and outcomes of macro-level (industrial), meso-level (organizational), and micro-level (individual) ethical influence separately. However, this singular treatment ignores the synergies and tensions that can arise across these different types of ethical influence. Using sales as a research context, the current study argues that all three ethical frames of references are important in shaping employee behavior and performance and, as such, should be examined simultaneously. The findings show that industrial ethical climate and salesperson moral equity are positively associated with salesperson customer orientation. In addition, industrial and organizational ethical norms have a stronger joint effect on customer orientation than either ethical climate alone. More specifically, a more ethical organizational climate enhances the positive effects of the industrial ethical climate on customer orientation. Furthermore, whereas salesperson moral equity is significantly associated with salesperson customer orientation, strong moral equity beliefs in situations requiring adaptive selling result in weaker sales outcomes. This study concludes with a set of theoretical and actionable implications, as well as a discussion of future research avenues